When it comes to the truth about radiation and health effects, there are no experts who are honest - not in government, not in science, not anywhere. Yet, people would rather listen to liars than challenge their assumptions about the sources of the so-called truth and disregard the purveyors of actual truth on this topic: the non-creditialed self-taught. - Andrew Kishner, May 18, 2013

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FORECAST: Tsunami debris with some radioactivity, followed by a permanent increase in ocean radioactivity with severe 'hot pockets'

Scientists estimate that the debris that the March 2011 tsunami swept out to sea from Japan's coast is dispersed across an area about three times the area of the contiguous United States. This happens to be about the same area as The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which is an unimaginably large, manmade debris field of mostly plastic items bobbing around in its own quasi-continent in the middle of the Pacific. If either were condensed into one 'cohesive' patch, it wouldn't be nearly as large as some are saying - like twice the size of Texas. It would, however, be enough trash to clog hundreds of beaches stretching along North America's west coast.

While the garbage patch is perpetually stuck in a gyre, or a circular ocean current, the tsunami debris is coming to North America's shores. With a low-ball estimate of the debris' weight at 1 million tons, it would take about 40 million garbage bags, each with a 50-pound weight limit, to haul away the contents.

Who is going to be dealing with this Godzilla-sized trash problem on American and Canadian shores?

U.S. government bodies and news media claim the debris will be safe from radiation because the tsunami happened before the meltdown, however this 'logic' is flawed because its leaves out some very important points. The tsunami happened in Japan on 3/11/11 and then the plumes started traveling eastwards OVER the debris. So, although the debris got a head start, the debris' millions of items became contaminated by 'dry deposition' and rainouts from plumes that didn't have much time to become diluted! The reactors at Fukushima Daiichi have been venting radiation for two years, and most of this radiation has likewise traveled over, and impacted, the debris. So, the debris might be mildly or severely radioactive. Also, some of the items in the debris could be low-level radioactive waste from various industrial plants along Japan's coast. The debris field could also contain radiopharmacology or medical-related radioactive waste. Also, since several nuclear reactor complexes, including TEPCO's Fukushima Daiini and Daiichi sites, were inundated with tsunami waves up to 47 feet tall, there likely could be contaminated objects related to reactor operations that were washed out to sea. Do we really believe that TEPCO would tell us if they knew about anything of a highly radioactive, buoyant nature that could have washed out to sea from their reactor sites?

Considering the rare or extremely rare but dangerous radiation sources present in this million-ton field of debris, what army of government workers with radiation detectors is going to make sure the clean-up operation is going to be safe for volunteers? (Let's face it: it's going to be volunteers who will be doing most of the cleanup.) The U.S. federal government can't even deal with the volume of containers at the nation's ports. The Washington Post noted in July 2012: 'The Obama administration has failed to meet a deadline imposed by Congress to scan all shipping containers for radioactive material before they reach the United States, a requirement aimed at strengthening maritime security and preventing terrorists from smuggling a nuclear device into any of the nation's 300 sea and river ports.' How is the U.S. government going to inspect at least 1 million tons of debris on rocky shores and beaches that have been turned into scenes of a post-disaster apocalypse?

The most radioactive items will be labeled as such in Japanese, not English. How will volunteers know what they're handling? How many of them read Japanese? How will people know for which items translators ought to be called and how many translators can practically be found to read seaweed-covered items at beaches from the subtropic to the arctic along North America's shores?

Guidelines drawn up by U.S. government agencies in May 2012 would categorize debris items emitting more than 2 millirem per hour as a radioactive source. (http://disasterdebris.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/tsunamidebrisassessmentguidelines_05-25-12.pdf) Items measuring less than this threshold would be trash. Do we want mild radioactive debris as trash in our landfills? Do we want our teenage volunteers handling this stuff? Ask any friend with a Geiger Counter: "When was the last time you registered a 2 millirem per hour reading in the environment?" The answer will most likely be NEVER. Is this level safe? The safe level is zero. You do the math.

Are we going to have to put the designated and non-designated radioactive items in our landfills, like in Japan? Will it be incinerated, like in Japan? And what about driftwood fires? Is anyone worrying about this? 'Driftwood fires' on North America's West Coast will serve basically as small-scale incinerators of radioactive tsunami-swept biomass - these fires will have the ability to volatilize (vaporize) the radioactive cesiums and possibly other less volatile radioisotopes entrained in the wood! A 1996 study, 'Burning radionuclide question: What happens to iodine, cesium and chlorine in biomass fires?,' noted that 'Fires can mobilize radionuclides from contaminated biomass through suspension of gases and particles in the atmosphere...' Contaminated smoke from West Coast driftwood fires will eventually expose every person in North America to second-generation Fukushima radiation.

And what will happen in 5-6 years from now when it is estimated that the trillions of trillions of becquerels of radiation that were spewed and dumped at Fukushima Daiichi into the Pacific will reach North America's coastal waters? A study titled 'Model simulations on the long-term dispersal of 137Cs released into the Pacific Ocean off Fukushima' published in July 2012 indicated that large pockets of floating cesium-137 the area of many Western states will reach North America's coastal waters five years after the tsunami. By 2016 according to the study authors, the radiation levels in these pockets, which will sinisterly float eastward between the latitudes of southern California and southern British Columbia, Canada, could reach up to 1,000 times pre-Fukushima levels.

The study authors were criticized in some online forums for inserting into their modeling software the details of a scenario where only 'highly contaminated water from the damaged plants in March-April' 2011 was released at Fukushima. By not taking into account any of the meltdown-related airborne releases, subsequent dumping and leakage at Fukushima Daiichi, etc... or other released radionuclides that are radiotoxic and long-lived, like plutonium and strontium-90, the study's suggestion that at 10 years post-tsunami the entire Pacific will have a new background level of radiation about twice pre-Fukushima levels (and 100 times pre-Fukushima levels in the waters off Baja, California) must be interpreted as the best-case scenario. Perhaps the entire Pacific by 2021 will rise to be quadruple pre-2011 background radiation levels with hotspots 10,000 times pre-Fukushima levels. The authors also failed to note that the mechanism that regularly carries plutonium to Japan from tainted sediment in the central oceanic former 'Pacific Proving Grounds,' where the U.S. demolished atolls with hydrogen bombs from the 1940s to 1960s, will carry plutonium and other debris in that same ocean current circuit eastwards to North America for thousands of years, at least.

Whatever lingering radiation may be left on U.S. beaches from tainted debris making landfall will be nothing compared to the effects of the field of radioactivity (e.g., fission and plutonium and uranium particles) that is riding on the same current that is bringing us the debris! If you have already enjoyed observing the marine life, 'taken in' the fantastic views and explored the wonders along the coastline from San Diego to Nome before October 2012, good for you - because it will never be the same again and the 'new normal' will not be a healthy one.

• While not trying to 'whack the panic-stricken radiophobe-moles' in the U.S., the U.S. NOAA is modeling the 'debris field' here. It's just a model though.

DEBRIS UP TO 100 TIMES NORMAL RADIATION LEVELS WILL BE IGNORED, LEFT TO BE GATHERED BY TEENAGE VOLUNTEERS, DESTINED FOR OUR LANDFILLS, PER INTERAGENCY GOVERNMENTAL GUIDELINE

This is worrying stuff: A joint EPA and California-led interagency guideline to be put into effect stipulates that most floating or 'beached' debris from Japan registering under 2 millirem per hour will not be considered a radioactive source. (California Tsunami Debris Multiagency Advisory Coordination Group and the USEPA)

Two (2) millirems per hour is the upper limit of exposure from gamma rays at the Trinity Site in New Mexico, which is closed to the public (except twice a year) because of the radiation dangers. Consider this: in one year, we receive 100 millirems total from natural sources. So, an object washed up on the beach emitting 2 millirems per hour would deliver 48 millirems in 24 hours! That's half of your yearly background radiation exposure (in one day)! The normal duration of a visit, or one hour, to the Trinity Site represents (up to) the equivalent of 2 to 8 days of radiation exposure from natural sources however hanging around California beaches that will be littered with abandoned 'minor' radioactive items, thanks to Calif. and EPA guidelines, could be more dangerous to your health. Standing in proximity to multiple non-seized 'minor' radioactive sources littering West Coast beaches could raise one's exposure to 5 or 10 millirem per hour, or the equivalent of up to 40 days of radiation exposure from natural sources from spending just one hour at the beach!

Most of these radioactive items not seized by government workers will be left for ordinary clean-up operations, which will be staffed by volunteers untrained in radiation concepts; they will chuck the items in the trash, and it'll end up in landfills, which are not the proper places for radioactive materials. You're not even supposed to throw your smoke alarm, which has Americium-241, in the garbage. So, why would we put mildly radioactive Japanese marine debris in our landfills?? There may be multiple items every few yards or miles on segments of California's coastline that have NOT been picked up which may be emitting close to 2 millirem per hour, or more 'Freshly' beached debris, not yet seized, could be tens or hundreds of times more dangerous. Some of this debris will be labeled in Japanese (and not English) as 'radioactive.' Most Americans can't read Japanese.

The craziness doesn't end there. At the Trinity Site, there are also trillions and trillions of plutonium atoms littering the ground - and any of those, if inhaled or ingested, could shorten a tourist's life by days or even years (each plutonium atom can hypothetically induce cancer). The Pacific Ocean is carrying trillions of trillions of trillions of atoms of plutonium from Fukushima. The waves crash on the beach. The mist forms. The moist air will contain plutonium. Think about it: do you think this is safe?

Clearly, this coalition of Canadian and U.S. state and federal agencies testing debris is using radiation guidelines that are arbitrary and inflated. They will say in the future that some debris they tested did contain radiation yet it is okay because it is below their 'levels of concern' - yet you should know that safe levels and governmental levels of concern ARE NOT THE SAME. There is only one level - the safe level. Pick the safe level. Say out loud "the safe level of radiation is zero." Keep saying that in your head. Don't pay attention to the dimwits.

Radioactive particles persistently stick to anything that touches it. Your shoes will track whatever is on the beach back to your homes and cars.

If you find tsunami debris, don't touch it. Don't touch it with your bare hands or even with gloves. There will be debris items that will be explosive. There will be items that will be chemically hazardous. There will be items of a radioactive nature. YET NONE OF THESE ITEMS WILL BE MARKED IN ENGLISH AND, UNLIKE IN THE MOVIES, YOU WON'T SEE ANY SUBTITLES. There will be items marked radioactive IN JAPANESE but if you can't read JAPANESE then HOW WILL YOU KNOW THAT IT DOESN'T SAY 'THIS IS RADIOACTIVE STUFF'???! To be safe, don't touch anything that washes onshore!!!

A North American government coalition using a Wordpress blog at disasterdebris.wordpress.com has put out a flyer with the headline 'Our Seabirds, Marine Life, and Beaches Need Our Help: Join Your Fellow Oregonians and Pick Up Debris.' DON'T TAKE ADVICE FROM THESE DIMWITS. Don't touch the debris - and instead help the birds, marine animals and beaches by calling for the end of nuclear power and nuclear weapons and stupid 'levels of concern.'

What TEPCO, marine mammal scientists, and the U.S. FDA are NOT TELLING YOU about radiation dangers to you and your family

The seals and polar bears who suffered external maladies in 2011 were likely BURNED by radiation

Commentor 'greens-5677457' noted on an April 8, 2012 article titled 'Fur loss, open sores seen in polar bears' on MSNBC.com that:

'Despite what article states, these are OBVIOUS signs of Radiation Burn from the Fukushima meltdown. That is why they occur the same in similar species- Friends of mine in Hawaii have lost pets to the radiation within 2-3 months of the Tsunami (lymphoma, other cancers), don't believe this media blackout- these symptoms will start occurring in humans soon.'

Since the summer of 2011, U.S. scientists have observed several dozen living and dead Pacific Ocean marine mammals with a strangely similar condition of skin sores and hair loss. These animals may be suffering from 'beta burns,' which are caused by significant external exposure to 'beta emitters' such as radiostrontiums, which were released in copious quantities to the Pacific Ocean at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011.

TEPCO workers too were burned

In early April 2011 three TEPCO workers received severe injuries from contaminated water, the suspected culprit: strontium-89. Although this was never acknowledged in the news media, we wrote as a daily post on April 7, 2011: "Dr. Genn Saji, the former Secretariat of Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission, who was daily commenting on the developments of the Fukushima crisis, believed that the beta-burn radiation injuries of the three TEPCO workers was the result of high concentrations of strontium-89 in water." The TEPCO workers sustained radiation injuries to their feet while in standing water. Shamefully, TEPCO ignored the obvious culprit of these 'beta burns,' which were strontium-89 and/or strontium-90, both 'beta-emitters' commonly found in nuclear spent fuel.

Radiation burns externally and does worse internally

These beta-emitters have been released in staggering quantities into the Pacific and, upon contact with a victim, can cause external injuries including hair loss, sores and lesions. These are the symptoms of the struggling and dead seals and polar bears in the Arctic. Worse for us, strontiums and other radioactive isotopes throughout the Pacific Ocean are available for internal contamination because humans eat sea plants and animals. Consider that Alaska-caught fish and marine mammals in the late 1950s tested by scientists were found to be an order of magnitude more radioactive in strontium-90 content than most land-grown foods. (Source: 'Radiological Health Data,' January 1961, U.S. Public Health Service, p. 21 ('Strontium-90 Concentrations in Food Samples Taken in State of Alaska')) (In the 1950s, which was time when a similar nuke event to a 'Fukushima' occurred, these animals were swimming and feeding in radioactive water that originated from sources thousands of miles away.) This means that food from the ocean on our dinner plates in North America is going to be the most radioactive part of our diet. In 2012 and beyond, migratory fish will bring the radiation with them, and non-migratory fish, like halibut in Alaska, are becoming radioactive because air and water currents have brought radiation towards them. Read more here. Our concern is that fish harvested over the next 20 years along North America's Pacific coastline may be contaminated with unsafe levels of radioactivity.

Further reading about beta emitters still being leaked at Fuku in spring 2012

Wikipedia says about radiation burns: 'Third and fourth degree beta burns result in deeper, wet ulcerated lesions...After the Trinity test, the fallout caused localized burns on the backs of cattle in the area downwind.[18] The fallout had the appearance of small flaky dust particles. The cattle showed temporary burns, bleeding, and loss of hair'

We're being scammed by promoters and promulgators of radiation protection standards

Don't confuse U.S. federal 'levels of (public health) concern' with 'safe levels.' They're not the same thing. The U.S. federal levels aren't safe. When thinking about 'what is safe,' consider the Rongelapese. Their beautiful Pacific island was ruined by the fallout of an America hydrogen bomb weapons test in 1954. Per a 1989-published study,¹ the Rongelap Islanders were consuming each about 3,000 picocuries of cesium-137 in foodstuffs per day. That was the level after living on their atoll for nearly three decades as radiation levels were actually dropping.

What happened to the Rongelapese?: The Rongelapese were evacuated by the U.S. government on the third day of their 'fallout ordeal' in 1954 and returned to living on their contaminated island in 1957 after a three-year hiatus (to supposedly let the fallout dissipate). They returned home primarily because the U.S. government assured them the island was 'safe.'

The islanders were eating radioactive foods from their island for nearly three decades. Of the original group of islanders on Rongelap exposed to heavy fallout on the first three days of March in 1954, the population experienced different debilitating diseases - including leukemia and several cancers - as well as deformed newborns, stunted growth in children, etc... The islanders became so convinced that U.S. standards dictating 'safe' levels were wrong that they self-evacuated in 1985 - even though U.S. medical scientists suggested it was foolhardy to do so.

The experience of the Rongelapese, who now live in voluntary exile from their home island, is proof that a DIL (aka 'level of concern') is absurd. Consider that following an emergency event, for up to a year, the FDA will let Americans eat foods up to its FDA's DIL for cesium-137 (and/or cesium-134) of 32,000 picocuries. That's per a kilogram quantity. Although the DIL is probably not meant to be applied for over a year time span, we see that low-levels (in FDA terms) of cesium in foods can cause problems in the long-term because of the Rongelapese. They were ingesting 3,000 picocuries per day of radioactive cesium and that exposure was a contributing factor for them contracting many radiation-induced illnesses including leukemias and cancers at above-normal incidence rates for those diseases.

The Rongelapese did the right thing by disregarding U.S. scientists' advice to stay put on their island. And although the Rongelapese weren't experts in radiation, they saw with their own eyes that the island was harmful, that their cumulative intake of radiation (which was probably higher than any other population in history) was causing excess deaths and strange illnesses.

In America, we were spoon-fed deceptive statements about radiation exposure while nuclear bomb fallout poisoned our milk in the 1960s. We were told that (absurd) 'permissible' radiation standards made it okay to eat radioactive foods and this author believes 100% that a large amount of people (globally) suffered chronic effects, like cancer, from those overexposures.

With Fukushima, it's happening all over again. We're being more-or-less deliberately poisoned to save both the global economy and the perception of the 'atom.' In 2012 and beyond, the U.S. FDA is letting in very radioactive foods into the U.S. marketplace like it did in 1986-1988 when it SECRETLY tested the radioactive content of foods from Greece, Italy, Turkey and other nations hit hard by Chernobyl but never told Americans the astonishing contamination levels. The FDA was letting Americans eat foods that was hundreds of times more radioactive than normal and never told a soul. A FOIA request by a citizen that finally made the government-withheld radiation tabulations public revealed that Americans were eating imported foods contaminated by Chernobyl's cesium-134 and cesium-137 up to 10,000 picocuries or 370 becquerels per kilogram! The FDA only intervened (allegedly 'protecting Americans') on a dozen occasions during the 1986-1988 time period: 'According to U.S. federal regulations [at that time], imported foods containing more than 10,000 pCi of Cs-134 + Cs-137 must be seized and destroyed...The official documents obtained through the RADNET [FOIA] request (Section 9) shows that between 1986 and 1988 there were 12 such occasions.' ( 'Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment,' by Alexey Yablokov, Vassily Nesterenko and Alexey Nesterenko, 2011, p.293) The FDA tested 1,749 samples during that time period and over 100 of the samples tested above 1,000 pCi/kg.

Currently, the FDA is likely doing the same with U.S. wild caught seafood and imported Japanese foods - it is testing them for radiation and not telling us the whole story. Our great worry should be that the FDA has now in place a 'DIL' threshold over THREE TIMES HIGHER than what was used during Chernobyl, or 1,200 becquerels per kilogram (over 30,000 picocuries per kilogram) for combined cesium-134 and cesium-137. This is substantially HIGHER than the EMERGENCY guideline of 500 becquerels per kilogram of cesium-137 instituted by the Japanese government after Fukushima (which was later reduced to 100 Bq/kg). The FDA is poisoning Americans and is still closely guarding radiation test results that should be public info. Will those data stay secret for decades while we eat radioactive foods? Or will we take the path of the Rongelapese and disregard the illegitimate and dangerous guidelines of U.S. government agencies and the scientists who advise them?

¹ Rongelap Reassessment Project Report, (reissue of May 5, 1990), administered by RMI; Henry I. Kohn as referee

More about the Rongelapese's experiences in Chapter 6 of 'Deception, Cover-up and Murder in the Nuclear Age'

More about fallout levels in the 1960s in Chapter 3 of the book

See a chart of the FDA's DILs

^{This fuzzy image is from a FOIA document acquired in 2008 (more, including the entire set of scanned pages, here) titled 'FDA Radionuclides in Foods Program - Imported Foods Findings - May 1986 Through December 1988'. The last column is for cesium-137.}

Fukushima will have an effect on ocean warming, spawning bigger storms

In 1958, strange things started happening in the southern part of the Western Hemisphere.  Powerful storms were creating havoc in Central and South America. The 1958 hurricane season was marked by a slightly above-normal number of strong storms, with twelve hurricanes, five of them of 'major hurricane' status.  Also, off the coast of Peru, a large number of birds began dying.  Scientists linked the deaths to the bad weather.  

What was causing the bad weather?  Some, including Dr. Albert Schweitzer, blamed atom bomb tests.  From April to September 1958, the U.S. blew up nuclear bombs on Bikini and Enewetak atolls in the Pacific totaling 35,600 kilotons.  (The bomb dropped on Hiroshima was just 15 kilotons.)  Two of the 1958 tests were huge hydrogen bomb explosions.  

The 'oceanic anomaly' in the Pacific that was breeding bad weather was later attributed to the El Nino effect. The first episode of El Nino was in 1949, one year after the U.S. carried out three atom bomb tests in the Pacific (with a total yield of seven Hiroshima bombs).  The second El Nino episode in 1957-1958 created a slew of bad weather across the Pacific and four more 'warm cycles' would occur through 1980. 

But how could nuclear bomb tests affect the weather?

Ocean warming

Dr. Rosalie Bertell, who has extensively studied our atomic age, has speculated that when nuclear fallout lands or becomes inserted in the oceans, it releases heat (as hot radioactive gases or as slowly decaying - heating - radioactive solids).  As surface temperatures in the oceans rise, storm development increases.  

Much of the radioactive fallout that landed in the oceans from huge Pacific and Soviet bomb tests of the 1950s and 1960s has given off tremendous amounts of decay heat over the past 50 or more years.  Since warmer chemical particles rise to the surface of water - hot water rises, cold water sinks - decades of slow radioactive (heat) decay emitted by huge quantities of fallout has warmed the surface waters of the oceans.   We know that about 10% of the energy of a nuclear blast concentrates as radioactive decay heat. 

Radioactivity can enter the ocean not just from bomb tests, but via dumping, radioactive leaks and storm-induced runoff.  Powerful cyclones hit French Polynesia's Moruroa island - which is heavily contaminated from French nuclear testing - in November 1980, March 1981 and five times in 1983.  Dr. Bertell notes that those 'five cyclones passed over Moruroa with 10 meter (30 feet) high waves, doing extensive damage to the test site, washing radioactive waste into the ocean and leaving thousands homeless in the Islands.'  

France's Cracking Chernobyl-in-the-Inside Pacific Island Threat

The U.S. conducted a total of 66 above, near and below-surface nuclear tests at Enewetak Atoll and Bikini Atoll in the Pacific between the years 1946 and 1958. Massive amounts of radiation were directly injected into the sea during the early to mid 1950s, notably from the 1954 biggest-ever U.S. nuclear test, Bravo. Map of 1954 contaminated Pacific fish catches thousands of miles from Japan Migratory fish reaching the non-contaminated East Pacific (U.S./Canada) post-3/11 can likewise be prohibitively radioactive. Source: 'A Call from Hibakusha of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.' Proceedings, International Symposium on the Damage and After-Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1977, p.183

From 1966 to 1996, France blasted the innards of Moruroa (an atoll in French Polynesia) one-hundred thirty-seven times with nuclear devices placed approximately 1 kilometer deep into the basalt bedrock. A number of independent observers have concluded that Moruroa's 'major' and 'spectacular' cracks and fissures around its rim has made the atoll geologically unstable. It is not a question of if but when will the upper layers collapse. Residing in Moruroa's underground test 'cavities' are tremendous quantities of long-lived radioactive debris from the nuclear blasts.  Through cracks and fissures, radiation has seeped from the underground test areas into the more porous upper rock layers, which now contain radioactive gases and solids.¹    

When coral reefs break apart in the imminent disaster (on Moruroa), large quantities of strontium-90, cesium-137 and plutonium will freely enter the ocean currents.²  This 'baby Chernobyl' will be carried across the Pacific Rim, impacting fishing grounds and coastlines for thousands of miles. The tsunami could also wash away other surface contamination from past French nuclear activities on various islets of Moruroa, all of which are only a few meters above sea-level.  This includes: 

• more than 10 kilograms of plutonium left over in atoll soils from twelve 'plutonium dispersal' tests and also a 1966 bomb accident

• long-lived fallout debris from 42 atmospheric tests on Moruroa from 1964 to 1974.  

• Moruroa's nuclear waste dump; about 30,000 square meters in area (also the site of a plutonium spill - 'Zone tres contaminee').  The waste dump, located on the north rim, leached during cyclone activity in the 1980s when its containment (made of asphalt) failed.  Scientists later found increased radioactivity levels around the atoll. 

• two shafts - it appears - were used for (underground) plutonium waste storage as well 

¹ Cracks and fissures aren't the only ways 'cavities' are leaking.  One fascinating theory has to do with artificial geothermal systems.  These are created as heat (generated by radioactive decay) combines with sea-water that leaks into cavities through cracks.  The hot salt water dissolves the vitrified rock - which is glass that is formed by an underground explosion and coats and seals the cavity walls.  With the dissolving glass, anything gaseous, aqueous or solid can leak in or out.  Even without geothermal effects, it is now known ' fission products' leach from vitrified glassy rock over time anyway and contribute to ' upward mobility' of the radiation on Moruroa.

² Although we know 137 underground tests were conducted at Moruroa, the total fission yield cannot be precisely determined; our estimate is 2,270 kilotons (2.27 MT).  Not accounting for radioactive decay, the subsurface areas retained about 75% of the strontium-90 (227,000 curies; about the same as Chernobyl) and cesium-137 (363,200 curies) created by the blasts.  Fangataufa's cumulative underground test yield is approximately 0.710 MT and strontium and cesium levels are about 25% of Mororua's levels.   There are also hundreds of kilograms of unfissioned plutonium that remain sealed in leaking cavities.

   

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