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NuclearCrimes.org

AquaDam Will Not Protect Ft. Calhoun up to 1,010 feet, and especially not 1,012 feet, because of Sliding Problem - UPDATES - a nuclear worker punctured AquaDam on June 26 and on July 7, the Omaha World-Herald reported that OPPD is busying reinstalling AquaDam, which it said would be in place by Saturday, July 8

We are concerned about the ruggedness of a single AquaDam against floodwaters around the Ft. Calhoun power station. The manufacturer of AquaDam even admits that there is a point at which - usually in a river - that the force of the water will exceed the safety factor against ~~tipping~~sliding and the dam will be ~~rolled over~~pushed out of place and compromised - in which they recommend *multiple* AquaDams; from page 14 of AquaDams' Sales Brochure: 'Lateral pressures from flowing water, as in a river, may require multiple AquaDams installed parallel with each other across the flow. Depending upon the strength of the current the above water depths need to be lowered. That is, a bigger dam is required for a smaller water depth.' Using a number of assumptions (such as two plausible friction coefficients, that the dam is a perfect rectangle, that the depth of an eight foot high Aquadam is 7 feet, etc...), we have calculated (see formulas below) the following heights of floodwaters with corresponding velocities that would cause sliding of a section of the 8-foot AquaDam around Ft. Calhoun, which sits at an elevation of roughly 1,004 MSL (feet above sea level).:

Floodwaters velocity (feet/sec)	Height of floodwater at 0.5 friction coefficient that AquaDam would fail	Height of floodwater at 0.8 friction coefficient that AquaDam would fail
3	6.2	9.95
4	3.5	5.6
5	2.24	3.58
6	1.55	2.49
7	1.14	1.83
8	0.875	1.4
9	0.69	1.10
10	0.56	0.896
11	0.46	0.74
12	0.39	0.62
13	0.33	0.53
14	0.285	0.457
15	0.249	0.4

Conclusion: If the calculations and assumptions are correct, then an AquaDam situated on a rough surface (using the high friction coefficient) and surrounded by 3 feet of water would slide out of place and fail when acted upon by a surge of water flowing at 10 feet per second (6.8 miles per hour); slightly more than half of that velocity is needed to cause failure when floodwaters rise to 4 feet high.

It seems certain that river flows will be surpassing this velocity in the near future around the plant causing AquaDam to fail.

How fast are mid-channel waters *ordinarily* on the Missouri River adjacent to the reactor site? The Ft. Calhoun site is at about river mile marker 646, which corresponds to an *ordinary* flow rate of 2-3 feet per second (5-25k cubic feet per second).

Formula for determining point at which AquaDam would slip in standing water:

'slippage' weight (or the weight of the dam times the friction coefficient; or the point at which you can 'drag' the dam across its underlying surface) of AquaDam = horizontal force of water

uyDh₁l = y h₂/2 X h₂l; or

uDh₁=h₂²/2

Formula for determining point at which AquaDam would slip in moving water: based on the formula for dynamic pressure, p_d=pv²

'slippage' weight of AquaDam = dynamic pressure of river (in feet per sec.)

uyDh₁l = 1/2 yv² h₂l; or

uDh₁=(v²h₂)/2

y = specific weight of water (62.5 lbs/ft³)
v = velocity (of water)
h₁ = height of AquaDam
h₂ = height of floodwaters
l = length of affected AquaDam section
d = depth of AquaDam
u = coefficient of friction (assume 0.5-0.8)

Prefixes, conversions and equivalents

Tables about atomic elements, decay charts, fission yields

NuclearCrimes.org's sitemap and various public and government documents of interest we uploaded online: 1. 2.

'The greatest irony of our atmospheric nuclear testing program is that the only victims of U.S. nuclear arms since World War II have been our own people.'
- Forgotten Guinea Pigs Report, 1980

Tips for arguing with radiation PR people
When they belittle your claims...	by comparing any exposure from their facilities to...	You say or ask...
...about your exposure to fallout from nuke plants or weapons testing fallout...	....background radiation...	'Background radiation doesn't mean it is harmless - it probably does cause a small portion of cancers. If you are adding to the background radiation, you are adding to someone's risk.' 'How many more defective children will be born and how many cancers will be induced by this increase in 'background radiation'?
...about your exposure to fallout from nuke plants or weapons testing fallout...	...flying in a airplane...	'That is not a realistic comparison. Radionuclides in fallout are incorporated into our bodies (tissue, bones). Most of the radiation from cosmic rays is external.'
...about your exposure to fallout from nuke plants or weapons testing fallout...	... a chest x-ray...	'You don't ingest or inhale the radiation source from x-rays. An x-ray lasts for a millisecond. Fallout lingers in body tissue and bones for decades .'
...about your exposure to fallout from nuke plants or weapons testing fallout...	...eating a banana	'Potassium-40 is a naturally occurring radioisotope that has been present in foods and the environment on Earth for billions of years. Potassium 40, which at normal body levels delivers an annual internal dose to the soft tissue of 20 millirem and 5 millirem to the bone, is not as hazardous as many forms of anthropogenic (meaning: artificial; manmade) radiation for several reasons. One main reason is, unlike many types of manmade fission products, its environmental levels rarely peak to hundreds or thousands of times normal levels. Since 1945, we've seen a cycle of drastic rising and falling of levels of environmental anthropogenic radiation with nuclear accidents, non-accident releases, radioactivity blowing around, etc... Another reason: some forms of anthropogenic radiation in the body do much more damage than potassium-40 for the same quantity of radiation. Dose tables printed in a 1970s document (NUREG 1.109 rev. 1 Oct. '77) by the NRC paint a spooky, yet realistic, picture for what happens to a radiation sensitive organ, the thyroid, when iodine-131 is consumed. A NRC formula indicates that 1,000 picocuries of iodine-131 gives a dose of 80 millirems to the adult thyroid and 140 millirems to the thyroid of an infant. Consider: one liter of 'Sunrise Dairy' (Kansas) milk in April 2011 had 1,518 pCi/L of Iodine-131. That was from Fukushima.
...about your exposure to fallout from nuke plants or weapons testing fallout...	...standing next to a smoke alarm....	'You don't ingest or inhale the Americium-241 from smoke alarms. You're talking about the small gamma component of Am-241. That's external exposure.'