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a-0

Appendix 0- ATOMIC ELEMENT REFERENCE TABLES

SELECTED APPENDICES FROM SUPPLMENT 247 OF 588 F. United States District Court, D. Utah, Central Division.  Irene ALLEN, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant. Civ. No. C-79-0515J.   

MELTING AND BOILING POINTS, AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS               

Based on the Assigned Relative Atomic Mass of 12 C = 12               

The following values apply to elements as they exist in materials of terrestrial origin and to certain artificial elements. When used with the footnotes, they are reliable to ± 1 in the last digit, or ± 3 if that digit is in small type.

 

Symbol

Atomic number

Atomic weight

Melting point, °C

Boiling point, °C

Actinium k

Ac

89

227.028

1.050

3,200 ± 300

 Aluminum

Al

13

26.98154 b

660.37

2,467

 Americium

Am

95

(243)

994 ± 4

2,607

 Antimony

Sb

51

121.75 *

630.74

1,750

 Argon h,i

Ar

18

39.948 b,c,d,g

- 189.2

- 185.7

 Arsenic (gray)

As

33

74.9216 a

817(28 atm)

613(sub.)

 Astatine

At

85

(210)

302

337

 Barium i

Ba

56

137.33

725

1,640

 Berkelium

Bk

97

(247)

-

-

 Beryllium

Be

4

9.01218 a

1,278 ± 5

2,970(5 mm)

 Bismuth

Bi

83

208.9804 a

271.3

1,560 ± 5

 Boron h,j

B

5

10.81 c,d,e

2,300

2,550(sub.)

 Bromine

Br

35

79.904 c

- 7.2

58.78

 Cadmium i

Cd

48

112.41

320.9

765

 Calcium i

Ca

20

40.08

839 ± 2

1,484

 Californium

Cf

98

(251)

-

-

 Carbon h,l

C

6

12.011 b,d

3,652(sub.)

1

 Cerium i

Ce

58

140.12

798 ± 3

3,257

 Cesium

Cs

55

132.9054 c

28.40 ± 0.01

669.3

 Chlorine

Cl

17

35.453 c

- 100.98

- 34.6

 Chromium

Cr

24

51.996 c

1,857 ± 20

2,672

 Cobalt

Co

27

58.9332 a

1,495

2,870

 Copper h

Cu

29

63.546 c,d

1,083.4 ± 0.2

2,567

 Curium

Cm

96

(247)

1,340 ± 40

 

Dysprosium

Dy

66

162.50 *

1,409

2,335

 Einsteinium

Es

99

(254)

-

-

 Erbium

Er

68

167.26 *

1,522

2,510

 Europium i

Eu

63

151.96

822 ± 5

1,597

 Fermium

Fm

100

(257)

-

-

 Fluorine

F

9

18.998403 a

- 219.62

- 188.14

 Francium

Fr

87

(223)

(27)

(677)

 Gadolinium i

Gd

64

157.25 *

1,311 ± 1

3,233

 Gallium

Ga

31

69.72

29.78

2,403

 Germanium

Ge

32

72.59 *

937.4

2,830

 Gold

Au

79

196.9665 a

1,064.43

3,080

 Hafnium

Hf

72

178.49 *

2,227 ± 20

4,602

 Helium i

He

2

4.00260 b

- 272.2

- 268.934

 Holmium

Ho

67

164.9304 a

1,470

2,720

 Hydrogen

H

1

1.0079 b,d

- 259.14

- 252.87

Indium i

In

49

114.82

156.61

2,080

 Iodine

I

53

126.9045 a

113.5

184.35

 Iridium

Ir

77

192.22 *

2,410

4,130

 Iron

Fe

26

55.847 *

1,535

2,750

 Krypton i,j

Kr

36

83.80

- 156.6

- 152.30 ± 0.10

 Lanthanum i

La

57

138.9055 *b

920 ± 5

3,454

 Lawrencium

Lr

103

(260)

-

-

 Lead h,j

Pb

82

207.2 d,g

327.502

1,740

 Lithium h,i,j

Li

3

6.941 *c,d,e

180.54

1,342

 Lutetium

Lu

71

174.967 ± 0.003

1,656 ± 5

3,315

 Magnesium i

Mg

12

24.305 c

648.8 ± 0.5

1.090

 Manganese

Mn

25

54.9380 a

1,244 ± 3

1,962

 Mendelevium

Md

101

(257)

-

-

 Mercury

Hg

80

200.59 *

- 38.87

356.58

 Molybdenum

Mo

42

95.94

2,617

4,612

 Neodymium i

Nd

60

144.24 *

1,010

3,127

 Neon j

Ne

10

20.179 *c

- 248.67

- 246.048

 Neptunium k

Np

93

237.0482 b

640 ± 1

3,902

 Nickel

Ni

28

58.70

1,453

2,732

 Niobium

 

 

 

 

(Columbium)

Nb

41

92.9064 a

2,468 ± 10

4,742

 Nitrogen

N

7

14.0067 b,c

- 209.86

- 195.8

 Nobelium

No

102

(259)

-

-

 Osmium i

Os

76

190.2

3,045 ± 30

5,027 ± 100

 Oxygen h

O

8

15.9994 *b,c,d

- 218.4

- 182.962

 Palladium i

Pd

46

106.4

1,554

3,140

 Phosphorus

P

15

30.97376

44.1 (white)

280 (white)

 Platinum

Pt

78

195.09 *

1,772

3,827 ± 100

 Plutonium

Pu

94

(244)

641

3,232

 Polonium

Po

84

(209)

254

962

 Potassium

K

19

39.0983 *

63.25

759.9

 Praeseodymium

Pr

59

140.9077 a

931 ± 4

3,212

 Promethium

Pm

61

(145)

- 1,080

2,460(?)

 Protactinium k

Pa

91

231.0359 a

< 1,600

-

 Radium i,k

Ra

88

226.0254 a,f,g

700

1,140

 Radon

Rn

86

(222)

- 71

- 61.8

 Rhenium

Re

75

186.2

3,180

5,627(est.)

 Rhodium

Rh

45

102.9055 a

1,966 ± 3

3,727 ± 100

 Rubidium i

Rb

37

85.4678 *c

38.89

686

 Ruthenium i

Ru

44

101.07 *

2,310

3,900

 Samarium i

Sm

62

150.4

1,072 ± 5

1,778

 Scandium

Sc

21

44.9559 a

1,539

2,832

 Selenium

Se

34

78.96 *

217

684.9 ± 1.0

 Silicon

Si

14

28.0855 *

1,410

2,355

 Silver i

Ag

47

107.868 c

961.93

2,212

 Sodium

Na

11

22.98977 a

97.81 ± 0.03

882.9

 Strontium i

Sr

38

87.62 g

769

1,384

 Sulfur h

S

16

32.06 d

112.8

444.674

 Tantalum

Ta

73

180.9479 *b

2,996

5,425 ± 100

 Technetium

Tc

43

(97) f

2,172

4,877

 Tellurium i

Te

52

127.60 *

449.5 ± 0.3

989.8 ± 3.8

 Terbium

Tb

65

158.9254 a

1,360 ± 4

3,041

 Thallium

Tl

81

204.37 *

303.5

1,457 ± 10

 Thorium i,k

Th

90

232.0381 a

1,750

- 4,790

 Thulium

Tm

69

168.9342 a

1,545 ± 15

1,727

 Tin

Sn

50

118.69 *

231.9681

2,270

 Titanium

Ti

22

47.90 *

1,660 ± 10

3,287

 Tungsten

W

74

183.85 *

3,410 ± 20

5,660

 Uranium i,j

U

92

238.029 b,c,e

1,132.3 ± 0.8

3,818

 Vanadium

V

23

50.9415 b,c

1,890 ± 10

3,380

 Wolfram

 

 

 

 

(see Tungsten)

 

 

 

 

Xenon i,j

Xe

54

131.30

- 111.9

- 107.1 ± 3

 Ytterbium

Yb

70

173.04 *

824 ± 5

1,193

 Yttrium

Y

39

88.9059 a

1,523 ± 8

3,337

 Zinc

Zn

30

65.38

419.58

907

 Zirconium i

Zr

40

91.22

#1,852 ± 2

4,377

FNa Mononuclidic element.   FNb Element with one predominant isotope (about 99 to 100% abundance).   FNc Element for which the atomic weight is based on calibrated measurements.   FNd Element for which variation in isotropic abundance in terrestrial samples limits the precision of the atomic weight given.   FNe Element for which users are cautioned against the possibility of large variations in atomic weight due to inadvertant or undisclosed artificial isotropic separation in commercially available materials.   FNf Most commonly available long-lived isotope.   FNg In some geological specimens this element has a highly anomalous isotopic composition, corresponding to an atomic weight significantly different from that given.   FNh Element for which known variations in isotopic composition in normal terrestrial material prevent a more precise atomic weight given;Ag (E) values should be applicable to any "normal" material.  FNi Element for which geological specimens are known in which the element has an anomalous isotopic composition, such that the difference in atomic weight of the element in such specimens from that given in the Table may exceed considerably the implied uncertainty.   FNj Element for which substantial variations in Ag from the value given can occur in commercially available material because of inadvertant or undisclosed change of isotopic composition.   FNk Element for which the value Ag is that of the radioisotope of longest half-life.   FNl Triple point: (graphite-liquid-gas), 3627 ± 50°C at a pressure of 10.1 MPa and (graphite-diamond-liquid), 3830-3930°C at a pressure of 12--13 GPa.      


Volatile at  1500 °C  [in gaseous state]   Germanium  Arsenic  Selenium  Bromine  Krypton  Rubidium  Molybdenum  Technetium  Ruthenium  Rhodium  Rhenium  Palladium  Silver  Cadmium  Indium  Tin  Antimony  Tellurium  Iodine  Xenon  Cesium  Tungsten  Gold  Lead

Refractory at 1500°C  [condensed as liquid or solid]   Beryllium Sodium Manganese Iron Cobalt Copper Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Thorium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium  

 

Table presents the fission yields for Pu and U-235 for a fission neutron spectrum and for a thermal neutron spectrum.

 

Table 3: Fission yields for Cs-137 and Sr-90 (England and Ryder, 1994)

 

Nuclide                        U-235f             U-235th            Pu-239f            Pu-239th

Cs-137                        6.22                 6.19                 6.58                 5.50

Sr-90                           5.46                 5.78                 2.05                 2.10

Cs/Sr (atom)                1.14                 1.07                 3.21                 2.62

Cs/Sr   (activity)           1.06                 1.00                 3.00                 2.44

Observed ratio             1.04                                        2.5

 

 

 

 

TABLE 1.10. Thermal-neutron fission yields (per cent) from U 233, U 235, and Pu 239 From: 3 E. Hyde, The Nuclear Properties of the Heavy Elements: Fission Phenomena 87-111 (1971 ed.); see also id., at 141 et seq.

 

Fission product

U 233

U 235

Pu239

Zn 72

 

1.6 X 10 -5

11.2 X 10 -4

Ga 73

1.1 X 10 -4

Ga 74

3.5 X 10 -4

Ge 77

0.011

0.0031

As 77

0.021

0.0083

Ge 78

0.020

As 78

0.020

As 79

0.056

 total Br 80

3.9 X 10 -4

1.0 X 10 -5

Se 81m

0.0084

Se 81

0.14

Br 82

1.1 X 10 -3

4 X 10 -5

Se 83

0.22

Br 83

0.87

0.51

0.084

Kr 33

1.17

0.544

.029

Br 84

0.019

Br 84

0.92

 stable Kr 84

1.95

1.00

0.47

Se 85

~1.1

Kr 85

0.58

0.293

0.127

 stable Rb 85

2.51

1.30

0.539

 stable Kr 86

3.27

2.02

0.76

Rb 86

2.3 X 10 04

2.9 X 10 -5

Se 87

~2

Rb 87

4.56

2.49

0.92

 stable Sr 88

5.37

3.57

1.42

Sr 89

5.86

4.79

1.71

Sr 90

6.43

5.77

2.25

Sr 91

5.57

5.81

2.43

Y 91

5.1

~5.4

2.9

stable Zr 91

6.43

5.84

2.61

Sr 92

5.3

stable Zr 92

6.64

6.03

3.14

Y 93

6.98

6.45

3.97

Zr 93

6.98

6.45

3.97

stable Zr 94

6.68

6.40

4.48

Zr 95

6.1

6.2

5.8

stable Mo 95

6.11

6.27

5.03

stable Zr 94

5.58

6.33

5.17

Mb 94

6.5 X 10 -3

6.1 X 10 -4

3.6 X 10 -3

Zr 97

5.9

5.5

stable Mo 97

5.37

6.09

5.65

Nb 95

0.20

0.064

0.20

stable Mo 98

5.15

5.75

5.89

Mo 99

4.80

6.06

6.10

stable Mo 100

4.41

6.06

6.10

stable Ru 101

4.41

6.30

7.10

stable Ru 102

2.22

4.1

5.99

Ru 103

1.8

3.0

5.67

stable Ru 104

0.94

1.8

5.93

Ru 105

 

0.9

Rh 105

 

3.9

Ru 106

0.24

0.38

4.57

Rh 107

0.19

Pd 109

0.044

0.030

1.40

Ag 111

0.024

0.019

0.23

Pd 112

0.016

0.010

0.12

Cd 113m

0.0011

0.0007

0.0031

Cd 115

0.020

0.0097

0.0038

 total 115

0.021

0.0104

0.041

Cd 117m

0.011

Sn 121

0.018

0.015

0.043

Sn 123

0.0013

Sn 125

0.052

0.013

0.071

Sb 125

0.021

Sb 127

0.60

0.13

0.39

Te 127m

0.035

Sn 128

0.37

I128

3 X 10 -5

Te 129m

0.35

I 129

0.8

Sn 130

2.0

I 130

5 X 10 -4

Te 131m

0.44

I 131

2.9

~3.1

3.77

stable Xe 131

3.39

2.93

3.78

Te 132

4.4

~4.7

5.1

stable Xe 132

4.64

4.38

5.26

I 133

~6.9

5.2

Xe 133

6.62

6.91

stable Cs 133

5.78

6.59

6.91

I 134

7.8

stable Xe 134

5.95

8.06

7.47

I 135

5.5

6.1

5.7

Xe 135 6.3

Cs 135

6.03

6.41

7.17

I 134

1.8

3.1

2.1

stable Xe 134

6.63

6.46

6.63

Cs 134

0.12

0.0068

0.11

Cs 137

6.58

6.15

6.63

stable Ba 133

5.74

6.31

Ba 139

6.45

6.55

5.87

Ba 140

5.4

6.35

5.4

stable Ce 140

6.47

6.44

5.60

La 141

7.1

6.4

5.7

Ce 141

~6.0

5.1

stable Pr 141

6.4

(4.5)*

stable Ce 142

6.83

6.01

5.01

Ce 143

5.7

5.3

stable Nd 143

5.99

6.03

4.57

Ce 144

4.5

~6.0

3.79

Nd 144

4.61

5.62

3.93

stable Nd 145

3.47

3.98

3.13

stable Nd 140

2.63

3.07

2.60

Nd 147

~2.7

2.2

Pm 147

1.9

1.94

Sm 147

1.98

2.36

2.07

stable Nd 148

1.34

1.71

1.73

Pm 149

 

1.4

stable Sm 149

0.76

1.13

1.32

stable Nd 150

0.56

0.67

1.01

Sm 151

0.335

0.44

0.80

stable Sm 152 0.220 0.281 0.62

Sm 153

0.11

0.15

0.37

stable Eu 153

0.13

0.169

stable Sm 154

0.045

0.077

0.29

Sm 155

0.033

0.23

Eu 155

0.033

Eu 156

0.011

0.014

0.11

Eu 157

0.0078

Eu 158

0.002

Gd 159

0.00107

0.021

Tb 161

7.6 X 10 -5

0.0039

Dy 166

 

6.8 X 10 -5


 Reprinted from S. Katcoff, Nucleonics 18, No. 11, p. 203, Copyright 1960 (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.)   FNU233. Yields from U 233 for stable and longer-lived radioactive nuclides are derived from D. R. Bidinosti, D. E. Irish, and R. H. Tomlinson, Chalk River Symposium on Nuclear Chemistry, September, 1960 and Can. J. Chem. 39, 628 (1961).; M. P. Anikina, et al., in Proceedings of Second International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 15, p. 446 (New York: United Nations, 1959); E. P. Steinberg, et al., Phys.Rev. 95, 867 (1954); W. Fleming, et al., Can. J. Phys. 32, 522 (1954); E. A. Melaika, et al., Can. J. Chem. 33, 830 (1955). Radiochemically dettermined yields: D. C. Santry and L. Yaffle, Can. J. Chem. 38, 421 (1960); R. M. Bartholomew, et al., Can. J. Chem. 37, 660 (1959); E. P. Steinberg and L. E. Glendenin, in Proceedings of First International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 7,   FNU235. See reference for Table 1.8.

 

The same chains of fission products appear in the fission of other nuclei, e.g., 233U, 239Pu, but with different yields than those given above. Fission involving fast neutrons (E~~ 0.4-7 mev), as in the detonation of a nuclear fission device will also result in fission product yields somewhat different from those produced in fission by thermal neutrons (E~~ 0.025 ev).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX A

 

Fission Product Decay Chains

 

TABLE 1.8. Decay chains and yields from thermal-neutron fission of U235

 

Underlined numbers give experimental fission yields. Last fission yield along any chain usually represents total chain yield. Lower values for yields of earlier chain members may be caused by (1) direct formation in fission of later chain members, (2) chain branching, (3) experimental uncertainty. Latter accounts for cases where early chain member has higher yield than later one.

 

Where branching occurs, arrows are shown only for decay modes observed experimentally; fraction in each branch is given where known. Parentheses indicate nuclide probably occurs but has not been observed. References for fission yields are cited following chains. Prepared by Dr. S. Katcoff from data available to 1960; Reprinted from Nucleonics 18, 201 (1960). Copyright 1960 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc.






















 


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15. A. F. Stehney and N. Sugarman, Phys. Rev. 89, 194 (1953).

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34. J. A. Seiler, Ref. 1, p. 910.

35. C. W. Stanley and L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, p. 947.

36. G. R. Leader and W. H. Sullivan, Ref. 1, p. 934.

37. A. C. Pappas, Technical Report No. 63, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, MIT

(Sept., 1953).

38. L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, Editors' Note, p. 979.

39. B. C. Purkayastha, G. R. Martin, Can. J. Chem. 34, 293 (1956).

40. A. C. Pappas and D. R. Wiles, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 2, 69 (1956).

41. R. M. Bartholomew, et al., Can. J. Chem. 31, 120 (1953).

42. S. Katcoff, W. Rubinson, Phys. Rev. 91, 1458 (1953).

43. L. Yaffe, et al., Can. J. Chem. 31, 48 (1953).

44. A. C. Wahl, Phys. Rev. 99, 730 (1955).

45. L. E. Glendenin, R. P. Metcalf, Ref. 1, p. 992.

46. S. Katcoff, et al., Ref. 1, p. 1005.

47. F. Brown, L. Yaffe, Can. J. Chem. 31, 242 (1953).

48. C. W. Stanley and S. Katcoff, J. Chem. Phys. 17, 653 (1949).

49. F. Brown, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1, 248 (1955).

50. R. M. Bartholomew and A. P. Baerg, Can. J. Chem. 34, 201 (1956).

51. The value 6.44 is an average of 6.33 and 6.56 from Refs. 9 and 13, respectively. It is assumed that these mass-spectrometric measurements on Cc 140 are also accurate measures of the yield of Ba 140 since independent yields of La 140 and Cc 140 are very small (Ref. 19). Many fission yields have been determined relative to Ba 140; these are now normalized to yield of 6.44 for the latter. Absolute radiochemical measurements of Ba 140, Refs. 16 and 52, average 6.35.

52. L. Yaffe, et al., Can. J. Chem. 32, 1917 (1954); D. C. Santry and L. Yaffe, Can. J. Chem., 38, 464 (1960).

53. W. H. Burgus and N. E. Ballou, Ref. 1, p. 1184.

54. G. P. Ford, C. W. Stanley, AECD-3551 (1953).

55. S. Katcoff, et al., Ref. 1, p. 1167.

56. J. A. Marinsky and L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, p. 1229 and p. 1254.

57. H. G. Petrow and G. Rocco, Phys. Rev. 96, 1614 (1954).

58. L. Winsberg, Ref. 1, p. 1284.

59. L. Winsberg, Ref. 1, p. 1302 and p. 1311.

60. L. Winsberg, Ref. 1, p. 1292.

61. E. C. Freiling, et al., Phys. Rev. 96, 102 (1954).

62. J. D. Knight, et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 10, 183 (1959).

63. J. E. Sattizahn, et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 12, 206 (1960).

64. J. A. Marinsky and E. Eichler, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 12, 223 (1960).

65. Y. Y. Chu, UCRL-8926 (1959).

66. K. Wolfsberg, et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 12, 201 (1960).

 


 

Table 7.

 

APPROXIMATE YIELDS OF

 

SEVERAL IMPORTANT

 

ACTIVATION RADIONUCLIDES

 

PER MEGATON OF FISSION.

 

 

 

 

radionuclide

half-life

yield (in MCi)

3H

12.5 years

< 1

1

 

14C

5600 years

3.4 X 10 4

6

 

39Ar

260 years

59

18

 

24Na

15 hours

2.8 x 10 11

11

 

32P

14 days

1.9 x 10 8

15

 

42K

12 hours

3 x 10 10

19

 

45Ca

52 days

4.7 x 10 7

20

 

56Mn

16 hours

3.4 x 10 11

25

 

55Fe

2.9 years

1.7 x 10 7

26

 

59Fe

46 days

2.2 x 10 6

26

 

 

TABLE 4

 

Isotope

protons

Neutrons

n/p

 

 

 

 

233U

92

141

1.532

235U

92

143

1.554

238U

92

146

1.5869

 239Pu

94

145

1.542

 

 

 

Specific Activity (SA)

nuclide

half-life

(Ci/gm)

239 Pu

24,400 yrs

137 Cs

30.28 yrs

90 Sr

28.1 yrs

131 I

8 days

1.24 x 10 5

 

nuclide

half-life (yrs)

 

SA (Ci/gm)

 >233 U

1.62 x 10 5

9.45 x 10 -3

 >235 U

7.1 x 10 8

2.1 x 10 -6

 >238 U

4.51 x 10 9

3.3 x 10 -7

 >238 Pu

86

17.44

 >239 Pu

24,400

0.062

 >240 Pu

6,580

0.226

 >241 Pu

13.2

112.2

 


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