When it comes to the truth about radiation and health effects, there are no experts who are honest - not in government, not in science, not anywhere. Yet, people would rather listen to liars than challenge their assumptions about the sources of the so-called truth and disregard the purveyors of actual truth on this topic: the non-creditialed self-taught. - Andrew Kishner, May 18, 2013
You are reading from a free online e-book titled 'Deception, Cover-up and Murder in the Nuclear Age.' The book discusses the Trinity test, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, hydrogen bomb testing fallout, U.S. experiments done on Marshall Islanders (Project 4.1), the Irene Allen trial, Cosmos 954, the Fukushima meltdowns, Three Mile Island updates, and so much more. Visit the Table of Contents to find this free content.
Footnotes are located at the end of each chapter - press the (right facing) 'PAGE' button icon until you reach the footnotes page, or locate it via the table of contents
|
a-0 |
Appendix 0- ATOMIC ELEMENT REFERENCE TABLES |
MELTING AND BOILING POINTS, AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS
Based on the Assigned Relative Atomic Mass of 12 C = 12
The following values apply to elements as they exist in materials of terrestrial origin and to certain artificial elements. When used with the footnotes, they are reliable to ± 1 in the last digit, or ± 3 if that digit is in small type.
|
|
Symbol |
Atomic number |
Atomic weight |
Melting point, °C |
Boiling point, °C |
|
Actinium k |
Ac |
89 |
227.028 |
1.050 |
3,200 ± 300 |
|
Aluminum |
Al |
13 |
26.98154 b |
660.37 |
2,467 |
|
Americium |
Am |
95 |
(243) |
994 ± 4 |
2,607 |
|
Antimony |
Sb |
51 |
121.75 * |
630.74 |
1,750 |
|
Argon h,i |
Ar |
18 |
39.948 b,c,d,g |
- 189.2 |
- 185.7 |
|
Arsenic (gray) |
As |
33 |
74.9216 a |
817(28 atm) |
613(sub.) |
|
Astatine |
At |
85 |
(210) |
302 |
337 |
|
Barium i |
Ba |
56 |
137.33 |
725 |
1,640 |
|
Berkelium |
Bk |
97 |
(247) |
- |
- |
|
Beryllium |
Be |
4 |
9.01218 a |
1,278 ± 5 |
2,970(5 mm) |
|
Bismuth |
Bi |
83 |
208.9804 a |
271.3 |
1,560 ± 5 |
|
Boron h,j |
B |
5 |
10.81 c,d,e |
2,300 |
2,550(sub.) |
|
Bromine |
Br |
35 |
79.904 c |
- 7.2 |
58.78 |
|
Cadmium i |
Cd |
48 |
112.41 |
320.9 |
765 |
|
Calcium i |
Ca |
20 |
40.08 |
839 ± 2 |
1,484 |
|
Californium |
Cf |
98 |
(251) |
- |
- |
|
Carbon h,l |
C |
6 |
12.011 b,d |
3,652(sub.) |
1 |
|
Cerium i |
Ce |
58 |
140.12 |
798 ± 3 |
3,257 |
|
Cesium |
Cs |
55 |
132.9054 c |
28.40 ± 0.01 |
669.3 |
|
Chlorine |
Cl |
17 |
35.453 c |
- 100.98 |
- 34.6 |
|
Chromium |
Cr |
24 |
51.996 c |
1,857 ± 20 |
2,672 |
|
Cobalt |
Co |
27 |
58.9332 a |
1,495 |
2,870 |
|
Copper h |
Cu |
29 |
63.546 c,d |
1,083.4 ± 0.2 |
2,567 |
|
Curium |
Cm |
96 |
(247) |
1,340 ± 40 |
|
|
Dysprosium |
Dy |
66 |
162.50 * |
1,409 |
2,335 |
|
Einsteinium |
Es |
99 |
(254) |
- |
- |
|
Erbium |
Er |
68 |
167.26 * |
1,522 |
2,510 |
|
Europium i |
Eu |
63 |
151.96 |
822 ± 5 |
1,597 |
|
Fermium |
Fm |
100 |
(257) |
- |
- |
|
Fluorine |
F |
9 |
18.998403 a |
- 219.62 |
- 188.14 |
|
Francium |
Fr |
87 |
(223) |
(27) |
(677) |
|
Gadolinium i |
Gd |
64 |
157.25 * |
1,311 ± 1 |
3,233 |
|
Gallium |
Ga |
31 |
69.72 |
29.78 |
2,403 |
|
Germanium |
Ge |
32 |
72.59 * |
937.4 |
2,830 |
|
Gold |
Au |
79 |
196.9665 a |
1,064.43 |
3,080 |
|
Hafnium |
Hf |
72 |
178.49 * |
2,227 ± 20 |
4,602 |
|
Helium i |
He |
2 |
4.00260 b |
- 272.2 |
- 268.934 |
|
Holmium |
Ho |
67 |
164.9304 a |
1,470 |
2,720 |
|
Hydrogen |
H |
1 |
1.0079 b,d |
- 259.14 |
- 252.87 |
|
Indium i |
In |
49 |
114.82 |
156.61 |
2,080 |
|
Iodine |
I |
53 |
126.9045 a |
113.5 |
184.35 |
|
Iridium |
Ir |
77 |
192.22 * |
2,410 |
4,130 |
|
Iron |
Fe |
26 |
55.847 * |
1,535 |
2,750 |
|
Krypton i,j |
Kr |
36 |
83.80 |
- 156.6 |
- 152.30 ± 0.10 |
|
Lanthanum i |
La |
57 |
138.9055 *b |
920 ± 5 |
3,454 |
|
Lawrencium |
Lr |
103 |
(260) |
- |
- |
|
Lead h,j |
Pb |
82 |
207.2 d,g |
327.502 |
1,740 |
|
Lithium h,i,j |
Li |
3 |
6.941 *c,d,e |
180.54 |
1,342 |
|
Lutetium |
Lu |
71 |
174.967 ± 0.003 |
1,656 ± 5 |
3,315 |
|
Magnesium i |
Mg |
12 |
24.305 c |
648.8 ± 0.5 |
1.090 |
|
Manganese |
Mn |
25 |
54.9380 a |
1,244 ± 3 |
1,962 |
|
Mendelevium |
Md |
101 |
(257) |
- |
- |
|
Mercury |
Hg |
80 |
200.59 * |
- 38.87 |
356.58 |
|
Molybdenum |
Mo |
42 |
95.94 |
2,617 |
4,612 |
|
Neodymium i |
Nd |
60 |
144.24 * |
1,010 |
3,127 |
|
Neon j |
Ne |
10 |
20.179 *c |
- 248.67 |
- 246.048 |
|
Neptunium k |
Np |
93 |
237.0482 b |
640 ± 1 |
3,902 |
|
Nickel |
Ni |
28 |
58.70 |
1,453 |
2,732 |
|
Niobium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Columbium) |
Nb |
41 |
92.9064 a |
2,468 ± 10 |
4,742 |
|
Nitrogen |
N |
7 |
14.0067 b,c |
- 209.86 |
- 195.8 |
|
Nobelium |
No |
102 |
(259) |
- |
- |
|
Osmium i |
Os |
76 |
190.2 |
3,045 ± 30 |
5,027 ± 100 |
|
Oxygen h |
O |
8 |
15.9994 *b,c,d |
- 218.4 |
- 182.962 |
|
Palladium i |
Pd |
46 |
106.4 |
1,554 |
3,140 |
|
Phosphorus |
P |
15 |
30.97376 |
44.1 (white) |
280 (white) |
|
Platinum |
Pt |
78 |
195.09 * |
1,772 |
3,827 ± 100 |
|
Plutonium |
Pu |
94 |
(244) |
641 |
3,232 |
|
Polonium |
Po |
84 |
(209) |
254 |
962 |
|
Potassium |
K |
19 |
39.0983 * |
63.25 |
759.9 |
|
Praeseodymium |
Pr |
59 |
140.9077 a |
931 ± 4 |
3,212 |
|
Promethium |
Pm |
61 |
(145) |
- 1,080 |
2,460(?) |
|
Protactinium k |
Pa |
91 |
231.0359 a |
< 1,600 |
- |
|
Radium i,k |
Ra |
88 |
226.0254 a,f,g |
700 |
1,140 |
|
Radon |
Rn |
86 |
(222) |
- 71 |
- 61.8 |
|
Rhenium |
Re |
75 |
186.2 |
3,180 |
5,627(est.) |
|
Rhodium |
Rh |
45 |
102.9055 a |
1,966 ± 3 |
3,727 ± 100 |
|
Rubidium i |
Rb |
37 |
85.4678 *c |
38.89 |
686 |
|
Ruthenium i |
Ru |
44 |
101.07 * |
2,310 |
3,900 |
|
Samarium i |
Sm |
62 |
150.4 |
1,072 ± 5 |
1,778 |
|
Scandium |
Sc |
21 |
44.9559 a |
1,539 |
2,832 |
|
Selenium |
Se |
34 |
78.96 * |
217 |
684.9 ± 1.0 |
|
Silicon |
Si |
14 |
28.0855 * |
1,410 |
2,355 |
|
Silver i |
Ag |
47 |
107.868 c |
961.93 |
2,212 |
|
Sodium |
Na |
11 |
22.98977 a |
97.81 ± 0.03 |
882.9 |
|
Strontium i |
Sr |
38 |
87.62 g |
769 |
1,384 |
|
Sulfur h |
S |
16 |
32.06 d |
112.8 |
444.674 |
|
Tantalum |
Ta |
73 |
180.9479 *b |
2,996 |
5,425 ± 100 |
|
Technetium |
Tc |
43 |
(97) f |
2,172 |
4,877 |
|
Tellurium i |
Te |
52 |
127.60 * |
449.5 ± 0.3 |
989.8 ± 3.8 |
|
Terbium |
Tb |
65 |
158.9254 a |
1,360 ± 4 |
3,041 |
|
Thallium |
Tl |
81 |
204.37 * |
303.5 |
1,457 ± 10 |
|
Thorium i,k |
Th |
90 |
232.0381 a |
1,750 |
- 4,790 |
|
Thulium |
Tm |
69 |
168.9342 a |
1,545 ± 15 |
1,727 |
|
Tin |
Sn |
50 |
118.69 * |
231.9681 |
2,270 |
|
Titanium |
Ti |
22 |
47.90 * |
1,660 ± 10 |
3,287 |
|
Tungsten |
W |
74 |
183.85 * |
3,410 ± 20 |
5,660 |
|
Uranium i,j |
U |
92 |
238.029 b,c,e |
1,132.3 ± 0.8 |
3,818 |
|
Vanadium |
V |
23 |
50.9415 b,c |
1,890 ± 10 |
3,380 |
|
Wolfram |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(see Tungsten) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Xenon i,j |
Xe |
54 |
131.30 |
- 111.9 |
- 107.1 ± 3 |
|
Ytterbium |
Yb |
70 |
173.04 * |
824 ± 5 |
1,193 |
|
Yttrium |
Y |
39 |
88.9059 a |
1,523 ± 8 |
3,337 |
|
Zinc |
Zn |
30 |
65.38 |
419.58 |
907 |
|
Zirconium i |
Zr |
40 |
91.22 |
#1,852 ± 2 |
4,377 |
FNa Mononuclidic element. FNb Element with one predominant isotope (about 99 to 100% abundance). FNc Element for which the atomic weight is based on calibrated measurements. FNd Element for which variation in isotropic abundance in terrestrial samples limits the precision of the atomic weight given. FNe Element for which users are cautioned against the possibility of large variations in atomic weight due to inadvertant or undisclosed artificial isotropic separation in commercially available materials. FNf Most commonly available long-lived isotope. FNg In some geological specimens this element has a highly anomalous isotopic composition, corresponding to an atomic weight significantly different from that given. FNh Element for which known variations in isotopic composition in normal terrestrial material prevent a more precise atomic weight given;Ag (E) values should be applicable to any "normal" material. FNi Element for which geological specimens are known in which the element has an anomalous isotopic composition, such that the difference in atomic weight of the element in such specimens from that given in the Table may exceed considerably the implied uncertainty. FNj Element for which substantial variations in Ag from the value given can occur in commercially available material because of inadvertant or undisclosed change of isotopic composition. FNk Element for which the value Ag is that of the radioisotope of longest half-life. FNl Triple point: (graphite-liquid-gas), 3627 ± 50°C at a pressure of 10.1 MPa and (graphite-diamond-liquid), 3830-3930°C at a pressure of 12--13 GPa.
Volatile at 1500 °C [in gaseous state] Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Rhenium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Tungsten Gold Lead
Refractory at 1500°C [condensed as liquid or solid] Beryllium Sodium Manganese Iron Cobalt Copper Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Thorium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium
Table presents the fission yields for Pu and U-235 for a fission neutron
spectrum and for a thermal neutron spectrum.
Table 3: Fission yields
for Cs-137 and Sr-90 (England and Ryder, 1994)
Nuclide
U-235f
U-235th
Pu-239f
Pu-239th
Cs-137
6.22
6.19
6.58
5.50
Sr-90
5.46
5.78
2.05
2.10
Cs/Sr
(atom)
1.14
1.07
3.21
2.62
Cs/Sr (activity) 1.06 1.00 3.00 2.44
Observed ratio 1.04 2.5
|
Fission product |
U 233 |
U 235 |
Pu239 |
|
Zn 72 |
|
1.6 X 10 -5 |
11.2 X 10 -4 |
|
Ga 73 |
|
1.1 X 10 -4 |
|
|
Ga 74 |
|
3.5 X 10 -4 |
|
|
Ge 77 |
0.011 |
0.0031 |
|
|
As 77 |
0.021 |
0.0083 |
|
|
Ge 78 |
|
0.020 |
|
|
As 78 |
|
0.020 |
|
|
As 79 |
|
0.056 |
|
|
total Br 80 |
3.9 X 10 -4 |
1.0 X 10 -5 |
|
|
Se 81m |
|
0.0084 |
|
|
Se 81 |
|
0.14 |
|
|
Br 82 |
1.1 X 10 -3 |
4 X 10 -5 |
|
|
Se 83 |
|
0.22 |
|
|
Br 83 |
0.87 |
0.51 |
0.084 |
|
Kr 33 |
1.17 |
0.544 |
.029 |
|
Br 84 |
|
0.019 |
|
|
Br 84 |
|
0.92 |
|
|
stable Kr 84 |
1.95 |
1.00 |
0.47 |
|
Se 85 |
|
~1.1 |
|
|
Kr 85 |
0.58 |
0.293 |
0.127 |
|
stable Rb 85 |
2.51 |
1.30 |
0.539 |
|
stable Kr 86 |
3.27 |
2.02 |
0.76 |
|
Rb 86 |
2.3 X 10 04 |
2.9 X 10 -5 |
|
|
Se 87 |
|
~2 |
|
|
Rb 87 |
4.56 |
2.49 |
0.92 |
|
stable Sr 88 |
5.37 |
3.57 |
1.42 |
|
Sr 89 |
5.86 |
4.79 |
1.71 |
|
Sr 90 |
6.43 |
5.77 |
2.25 |
|
Sr 91 |
5.57 |
5.81 |
2.43 |
|
Y 91 |
5.1 |
~5.4 |
2.9 |
|
stable Zr 91 |
6.43 |
5.84 |
2.61 |
|
Sr 92 |
|
5.3 |
|
|
stable Zr 92 |
6.64 |
6.03 |
3.14 |
|
Y 93 |
6.98 |
6.45 |
3.97 |
|
Zr 93 |
6.98 |
6.45 |
3.97 |
|
stable Zr 94 |
6.68 |
6.40 |
4.48 |
|
Zr 95 |
6.1 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
|
stable Mo 95 |
6.11 |
6.27 |
5.03 |
|
stable Zr 94 |
5.58 |
6.33 |
5.17 |
|
Mb 94 |
6.5 X 10 -3 |
6.1 X 10 -4 |
3.6 X 10 -3 |
|
Zr 97 |
|
5.9 |
5.5 |
|
stable Mo 97 |
5.37 |
6.09 |
5.65 |
|
Nb 95 |
0.20 |
0.064 |
0.20 |
|
stable Mo 98 |
5.15 |
5.75 |
5.89 |
|
Mo 99 |
4.80 |
6.06 |
6.10 |
|
stable Mo 100 |
4.41 |
6.06 |
6.10 |
|
stable Ru 101 |
4.41 |
6.30 |
7.10 |
|
stable Ru 102 |
2.22 |
4.1 |
5.99 |
|
Ru 103 |
1.8 |
3.0 |
5.67 |
|
stable Ru 104 |
0.94 |
1.8 |
5.93 |
|
Ru 105 |
|
0.9 |
|
|
Rh 105 |
|
|
3.9 |
|
Ru 106 |
0.24 |
0.38 |
4.57 |
|
Rh 107 |
|
0.19 |
|
|
Pd 109 |
0.044 |
0.030 |
1.40 |
|
Ag 111 |
0.024 |
0.019 |
0.23 |
|
Pd 112 |
0.016 |
0.010 |
0.12 |
|
Cd 113m |
0.0011 |
0.0007 |
0.0031 |
|
Cd 115 |
0.020 |
0.0097 |
0.0038 |
|
total 115 |
0.021 |
0.0104 |
0.041 |
|
Cd 117m |
|
0.011 |
|
|
Sn 121 |
0.018 |
0.015 |
0.043 |
|
Sn 123 |
|
0.0013 |
|
|
Sn 125 |
0.052 |
0.013 |
0.071 |
|
Sb 125 |
|
0.021 |
|
|
Sb 127 |
0.60 |
0.13 |
0.39 |
|
Te 127m |
|
0.035 |
|
|
Sn 128 |
|
0.37 |
|
|
I128 |
|
3 X 10 -5 |
|
|
Te 129m |
|
0.35 |
|
|
I 129 |
|
0.8 |
|
|
Sn 130 |
|
2.0 |
|
|
I 130 |
|
5 X 10 -4 |
|
|
Te 131m |
|
0.44 |
|
|
I 131 |
2.9 |
~3.1 |
3.77 |
|
stable Xe 131 |
3.39 |
2.93 |
3.78 |
|
Te 132 |
4.4 |
~4.7 |
5.1 |
|
stable Xe 132 |
4.64 |
4.38 |
5.26 |
|
I 133 |
|
~6.9 |
5.2 |
|
Xe 133 |
|
6.62 |
6.91 |
|
stable Cs 133 |
5.78 |
6.59 |
6.91 |
|
I 134 |
|
7.8 |
|
|
stable Xe 134 |
5.95 |
8.06 |
7.47 |
|
I 135 |
5.5 |
6.1 |
5.7 |
| Xe 135 | 6.3 | ||
|
Cs 135 |
6.03 |
6.41 |
7.17 |
|
I 134 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
2.1 |
|
stable Xe 134 |
6.63 |
6.46 |
6.63 |
|
Cs 134 |
0.12 |
0.0068 |
0.11 |
|
Cs 137 |
6.58 |
6.15 |
6.63 |
|
stable Ba 133 |
|
5.74 |
6.31 |
|
Ba 139 |
6.45 |
6.55 |
5.87 |
|
Ba 140 |
5.4 |
6.35 |
5.4 |
|
stable Ce 140 |
6.47 |
6.44 |
5.60 |
|
La 141 |
7.1 |
6.4 |
5.7 |
|
Ce 141 |
|
~6.0 |
5.1 |
|
stable Pr 141 |
6.4 |
|
(4.5)* |
|
stable Ce 142 |
6.83 |
6.01 |
5.01 |
|
Ce 143 |
|
5.7 |
5.3 |
|
stable Nd 143 |
5.99 |
6.03 |
4.57 |
|
Ce 144 |
4.5 |
~6.0 |
3.79 |
|
Nd 144 |
4.61 |
5.62 |
3.93 |
|
stable Nd 145 |
3.47 |
3.98 |
3.13 |
|
stable Nd 140 |
2.63 |
3.07 |
2.60 |
|
Nd 147 |
|
~2.7 |
2.2 |
|
Pm 147 |
1.9 |
|
1.94 |
|
Sm 147 |
1.98 |
2.36 |
2.07 |
|
stable Nd 148 |
1.34 |
1.71 |
1.73 |
|
Pm 149 |
|
|
1.4 |
|
stable Sm 149 |
0.76 |
1.13 |
1.32 |
|
stable Nd 150 |
0.56 |
0.67 |
1.01 |
|
Sm 151 |
0.335 |
0.44 |
0.80 |
| stable Sm 152 | 0.220 | 0.281 | 0.62 |
|
Sm 153 |
0.11 |
0.15 |
0.37 |
|
stable Eu 153 |
0.13 |
0.169 |
|
|
stable Sm 154 |
0.045 |
0.077 |
0.29 |
|
Sm 155 |
|
0.033 |
0.23 |
|
Eu 155 |
|
0.033 |
|
|
Eu 156 |
0.011 |
0.014 |
0.11 |
|
Eu 157 |
|
0.0078 |
|
|
Eu 158 |
|
0.002 |
|
|
Gd 159 |
|
0.00107 |
0.021 |
|
Tb 161 |
|
7.6 X 10 -5 |
0.0039 |
|
Dy 166 |
|
|
6.8 X 10 -5 |
The same chains of fission products appear in the fission of other nuclei, e.g., 233U, 239Pu, but with different yields than those given above. Fission involving fast neutrons (E~~ 0.4-7 mev), as in the detonation of a nuclear fission device will also result in fission product yields somewhat different from those produced in fission by thermal neutrons (E~~ 0.025 ev).
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APPENDIX A
TABLE 1.8. Decay chains and yields from thermal-neutron fission of U235
Underlined numbers give experimental fission yields. Last fission yield along any chain usually represents total chain yield. Lower values for yields of earlier chain members may be caused by (1) direct formation in fission of later chain members, (2) chain branching, (3) experimental uncertainty. Latter accounts for cases where early chain member has higher yield than later one.
Where branching occurs, arrows are shown only for decay modes observed experimentally; fraction in each branch is given where known. Parentheses indicate nuclide probably occurs but has not been observed. References for fission yields are cited following chains. Prepared by Dr. S. Katcoff from data available to 1960; Reprinted from Nucleonics 18, 201 (1960). Copyright 1960 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc.










|
1. C. D. Coryell and N. Sugarman, editors, “Radiochemical Studies: The Fission Products,” Nat. Nucl. Energ. Ser. IV-9 (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. 1951). |
|
2. J. M. Siegal and L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, p.549. |
|
3. E. P. Steinberg and D. W. Engelkemeir, REf. 1, p.566. |
|
4. N. Sugerman, Phys. Rev. 89, 570 (1953). |
|
5. J. G. Cuninghame, Phil. Mag. 44, 900 (1953). |
|
6. L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, p. 596. |
|
7. L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, Editors' Note, p. 59). |
|
8. J. R. Arnold and N. Sugarman, J. Chem. Phys. 15, 703 (1947). |
|
9. J. A. Petruska, et al., Can. J. Phys. 33, 693 (1955). |
|
10. A. T. Blades, H. G. Thode, 7. Naturforsch. 10m. 838 (1955). |
|
11. A. T. Blades, et al., Can J. Chem. 34, 233 (1956). |
|
12. J. E. Sattizahn, et al., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 11, 2, 197 (1957). |
|
13. L. E. Glendenin, et al., quoted by E. P. Steinberg and L. E. Glendenin, in Proceedings of the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 7, p. 3 (United Nations, New York, 1956). |
|
14. A. C. Wahl, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 6, 263 (1958). Also private communication from A. C. Wahl, Sept., 1960, and Ph.D. theses from Washington University, St. Louis (1959) by R. L. Ferguson, D. E. Troutner, D. R. Nethaway, K Wolfsberg. Measured fractional cumulative yields of short-lived rare gases and independent yields of several other fission products. |
|
15. A. F. Stehney and N. Sugarman, Phys. Rev. 89, 194 (1953). |
|
16. G. W. Reed and A. Turkevich, Phys. Rev. 92, 1473 (1953). |
|
17. A. P. Baerg and R. M. Bartholomew, Can. J. Chem. 35, 989 (1957). |
|
18. G. W. Reed, Phys. Rev. 98, 1327 (1955). |
|
19. W. E. Grummitt and G. M. Milton, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 5, 93 (1957). |
|
20. E. J. Hoagland and S. Katcoff, Ref. 1, p.660. |
|
21. C. R. Dillard, et al., Ref. 1, p. 692. |
|
22. C. D. Coryell et al., Phys. Rev. 77, 755 (1950). |
|
23. J. Terrell, et al., Phys. Rev. 92, 1091 (1953). |
|
24. D. R. Wiles and C. D. Coryell, Phys. Rev. 96, 696 (1954). |
|
25. W. H. Hardwick, Phys. Rev. 92, 1972 (1953). |
|
26. W. H. Sullivan, et al., Ref. 1, p. 808. |
|
27. C. D. Coryell and J. W. Winchester, Progress Report, Laboratory for Nuclear |
|
Science, MIT (Aug. 31, 1955). |
|
28. D. W. Engelkemeir, et al., Ref. 1, p. 1372. |
|
29. J. A. Seiler, Ref. 1, p. 860. |
|
30. A. C. Wahl and N. A. Bonner, Phys. Rev. 85, 570 (1952). |
|
31. R. P. Metcalf, Ref. 1, p. 905. |
|
32. E. P. Steinberg, Ref. 1, Editors' Note, p. 913. |
|
33. G. R. Leader, Ref. 1, p. 919. |
|
34. J. A. Seiler, Ref. 1, p. 910. |
|
35. C. W. Stanley and L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, p. 947. |
|
36. G. R. Leader and W. H. Sullivan, Ref. 1, p. 934. |
|
37. A. C. Pappas, Technical Report No. 63, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, MIT |
|
(Sept., 1953). |
|
38. L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, Editors' Note, p. 979. |
|
39. B. C. Purkayastha, G. R. Martin, Can. J. Chem. 34, 293 (1956). |
|
40. A. C. Pappas and D. R. Wiles, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 2, 69 (1956). |
|
41. R. M. Bartholomew, et al., Can. J. Chem. 31, 120 (1953). |
|
42. S. Katcoff, W. Rubinson, Phys. Rev. 91, 1458 (1953). |
|
43. L. Yaffe, et al., Can. J. Chem. 31, 48 (1953). |
|
44. A. C. Wahl, Phys. Rev. 99, 730 (1955). |
|
45. L. E. Glendenin, R. P. Metcalf, Ref. 1, p. 992. |
|
46. S. Katcoff, et al., Ref. 1, p. 1005. |
|
47. F. Brown, L. Yaffe, Can. J. Chem. 31, 242 (1953). |
|
48. C. W. Stanley and S. Katcoff, J. Chem. Phys. 17, 653 (1949). |
|
49. F. Brown, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1, 248 (1955). |
|
50. R. M. Bartholomew and A. P. Baerg, Can. J. Chem. 34, 201 (1956). |
|
51. The value 6.44 is an average of 6.33 and 6.56 from Refs. 9 and 13, respectively. It is assumed that these mass-spectrometric measurements on Cc 140 are also accurate measures of the yield of Ba 140 since independent yields of La 140 and Cc 140 are very small (Ref. 19). Many fission yields have been determined relative to Ba 140; these are now normalized to yield of 6.44 for the latter. Absolute radiochemical measurements of Ba 140, Refs. 16 and 52, average 6.35. |
|
52. L. Yaffe, et al., Can. J. Chem. 32, 1917 (1954); D. C. Santry and L. Yaffe, Can. J. Chem., 38, 464 (1960). |
|
53. W. H. Burgus and N. E. Ballou, Ref. 1, p. 1184. |
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54. G. P. Ford, C. W. Stanley, AECD-3551 (1953). |
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55. S. Katcoff, et al., Ref. 1, p. 1167. |
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56. J. A. Marinsky and L. E. Glendenin, Ref. 1, p. 1229 and p. 1254. |
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57. H. G. Petrow and G. Rocco, Phys. Rev. 96, 1614 (1954). |
|
58. L. Winsberg, Ref. 1, p. 1284. |
|
59. L. Winsberg, Ref. 1, p. 1302 and p. 1311. |
|
60. L. Winsberg, Ref. 1, p. 1292. |
|
61. E. C. Freiling, et al., Phys. Rev. 96, 102 (1954). |
|
62. J. D. Knight, et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 10, 183 (1959). |
|
63. J. E. Sattizahn, et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 12, 206 (1960). |
|
64. J. A. Marinsky and E. Eichler, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 12, 223 (1960). |
|
65. Y. Y. Chu, UCRL-8926 (1959). |
|
66. K. Wolfsberg, et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 12, 201 (1960). |
|
Table 7. |
APPROXIMATE YIELDS OF |
|
|
|
SEVERAL IMPORTANT |
|
|
|
ACTIVATION RADIONUCLIDES |
|
|
|
PER MEGATON OF FISSION. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
radionuclide |
half-life |
yield (in MCi) |
|
3H |
12.5 years |
< 1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
14C |
5600 years |
3.4 X 10 4 |
|
6 |
|
|
|
39Ar |
260 years |
59 |
|
18 |
|
|
|
24Na |
15 hours |
2.8 x 10 11 |
|
11 |
|
|
|
32P |
14 days |
1.9 x 10 8 |
|
15 |
|
|
|
42K |
12 hours |
3 x 10 10 |
|
19 |
|
|
|
45Ca |
52 days |
4.7 x 10 7 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
56Mn |
16 hours |
3.4 x 10 11 |
|
25 |
|
|
|
55Fe |
2.9 years |
1.7 x 10 7 |
|
26 |
|
|
|
59Fe |
46 days |
2.2 x 10 6 |
|
26 |
|
|
TABLE 4
|
Isotope |
protons |
Neutrons |
n/p |
|
|
|
|
|
|
233U |
92 |
141 |
1.532 |
|
235U |
92 |
143 |
1.554 |
|
238U |
92 |
146 |
1.5869 |
|
239Pu |
94 |
145 |
1.542 |
|
|
|
Specific Activity (SA) |
|
|
nuclide |
half-life |
(Ci/gm) |
|
|
239 Pu |
24,400 yrs |
|
|
|
137 Cs |
30.28 yrs |
|
|
|
90 Sr |
28.1 yrs |
|
|
|
131 I |
8 days |
1.24 x 10 5 |
|
|
nuclide |
half-life (yrs) |
SA (Ci/gm) |
|
>233 U |
1.62 x 10 5 |
9.45 x 10 -3 |
|
>235 U |
7.1 x 10 8 |
2.1 x 10 -6 |
|
>238 U |
4.51 x 10 9 |
3.3 x 10 -7 |
|
>238 Pu |
86 |
17.44 |
|
>239 Pu |
24,400 |
0.062 |
|
>240 Pu |
6,580 |
0.226 |
|
>241 Pu |
13.2 |
112.2 |
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