When it comes to the truth about radiation and health effects,
there are no experts who are honest - not in government, not in science, not anywhere. Yet, people would rather
listen to liars than challenge their assumptions about the sources of the so-called truth and disregard the purveyors
of actual truth on this topic: the non-creditialed self-taught. - Andrew Kishner, May 18, 2013
'Deception, Cover-up and Murder in the Nuclear Age' is our six-year effort and free web-based book. Click to read the book here
What you can learn in the book: Every cancer and leukemia
since 1945 can be fractionally blamed on one thing: nuclear testing fallout. 'Chernobyl fallout' was 90-95% from Chernobyl and the rest from a covered-up U.S. nuclear release. There are dozens of nuclear reactors orbiting us - many have crashed on Earth. The U.S. may have replicated a 'Hiroshima' inferno on actual humans (in cages in Nevada). Your cremated remains mixed into water would be undrinkable per the EPA because of its strontium-90 levels.
MORE
April 30, 2013 - While LaScram
LaSalle Falls Apart, Operator Asks NRC If They Can Put a Hemi
In It- Exelon is proceeding with a formal request to the NRC for a mega-power boost (aka
'uprate') at the LaSalle plant to increase thermal output by a whopping 12.5%. Also, it has
been learned that the culprit of the technical shutdown of LaSalle Unit 1 reactor on
April 27th was the same exact valve that failed
following a scram in February 2011 due to a welding defect. The recommended fix (buy a new one, duh!) was apparently not heeded;
Status: LaSalle 1 is being restarted (at 22%). LaSalle 2 is at 1% power.
April 29, 2013 - Map of eastern U.S. nuclear plants that
have no containment vent filters (which is a 'Fukushima lessons learned'
that 'wasn't implemented')- enlarge image
April 25-27, 2013 - April 25: LaSalle Unit 2 restart attempt results in a
scram - reason: condenser leak. April 26: NRC
announces 'Special Investigation'
into April 17th events; April 27: during Unit 1 startup process, operators
were forced to shut reactor down after leak was detected in the primary containment
April 17, 2013 - LaSalle County
Nuclear Generating Station is hit by lightning - both reactors scram - pressure
builds in containment - radioactive gases vented from containment - monitoring fails -
vents from Unit 2 not filtered - leaks and other problems not reported until days later - our initial report
and our analysis of the types of radioactive gases released
in unfiltered vent
You are reading from a free online e-book titled 'Deception, Cover-up and Murder in the Nuclear Age.'
The book discusses the Trinity test, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, hydrogen bomb testing fallout,
U.S. experiments done on Marshall Islanders (Project 4.1), the Irene Allen trial, Cosmos 954, the Fukushima meltdowns,
Three Mile Island updates, and so much
more. Visit the Table of Contents to find this free content.
Footnotes are located at the end of each chapter - press the (right facing) 'PAGE' button icon until you reach
the footnotes page, or locate it via the table of contents
4 of 7
11-4
Chapter 11 - The 'bad science' behind nuclear reactors
Gaseous
radioactive waste - Dumped in YOUR neighborhood
Most
radioactive products from reactors are or were once a krypton or a xenon
gas. Most of these are radioactive and long-enough-lived that they linger
in the air for minutes, hours or years after routine or accidental emissions
from reactors.
What
very few people know is that some
gases emitted by reactors precipitate - outside of the reactor walls - into
dangerous carcinogens in the solid form like the 'bone seeker ' strontium 90
(and its daughter a pituitary gland seeker, Yttrium-90). Other gases, like
krypton-87, are neutron-activators.
About 8
percent of the elements created in the fission process comprise radioactive
noble gases of krypton and xenon. These gases include:
'miles traveled on
10mph wind' is the distance on a flat plain (i.e. Nebraska) that will be
traveled by a plume of gas by the time 99% of the gas decayed, see section 'Buoyancy of radioactive gases from reactors' for more
The four main types of radioxenons are
Xenon-131m, Xenon 133, Xenon 133m, and Xenon 135. All are beta-emitters and
all also emit both x-rays and gamma rays. There's
also Xenon -141, -143 and -144, which have half-lives of just 1.73
seconds, 5.11 milliseconds and 3.88 milliseconds, respectively, and
decay into solid-form
carcinogenic radioactive isotopes of cerium. Krypton gases that are
not-radioactive are
the stable isotopes of Kr-80, 82, 83, 84, and 86.
Xenon-133 is the
daughter of Iodine-133 (20.8 hour half life).
Long-lived krypton and xenon
and argon gases, like krypton 85 and xenon 133, are all heavier than
air and thus they settle near the ground (see section titled 'Buoyancy of radioactive gases from reactors'). Because we breathe
in air whether it is radioactive or not, humans routinely intake
radioactive noble gases from nuclear reactor emissions and leaks
from underground nuclear test shafts into our lungs. In the
lungs, these radio-chemicals get absorbed into the bloodstream and
because they are soluble in fat they tend to accumulate in our
'fatty' deposits in our bodies where they give off X-ray-like gamma
radiation.
Since Kr-87 has a half-life of 1.27 hours, for almost 24 hours it is
floating around our communities shooting neutrons into things
converting them into radioactive versions. For example, water can become radioactive flourine-17;
oxygen changes nonradioactive oxygen-17 (which
is the only oxygen with a nuclear spin!) and the neutrons can turn your cells and fingernails into radioactive
cells and radioactive fingernails ...that happens because 'neutron
bombardment' is the same force of the universe that makes the atomic
reaction in a nuclear reactor! Kr-87 is an example of a 'delayed
neutron,' a fission product that emits neutrons after the 'fission
event.' Interestingly, Kr-87 actually can also decay by beta emission - it actually
'prefers' this method 39 times out of 40 (the other 1 out of 40, or 2.3% of the time, is via neutron decay). Aftering emitting
a beta particle, it turns into solid rubidium-87, which is also a beta-emitter with a half life of 4.7
BILLION years.
Fission also creates radioactive isotopes of the noble gas Argon.
Among the longer-lived Isotopes of Argon are Argon-37, with a
half-life of about 35 days, and Argon-39, with a half-life of 269
years. Argon-37, uniquely, can only be produced by a
nuclear reaction; it is produced when neutrons bombard
rock-fortified calcium. Argon-39, on the other hand, is
regularly produced by nuclear reactors as neutrons convert
potassium-39 (into Argon-39) and is also created by cosmic activity.
Although Argon-37 can be a tracer for leaked underground nuclear
explosions, it is difficult to detect and measure at low quantities (it later decays to chlorine-37).
Fission
and fusion nuclear explosions also create Carbon-14, an unstable
isotope (stable carbon predominantly exists as Carbon-12) that can
be created by natural processes when Nitrogen-14 is bombarded by cosmic radiation in the form of neutrons.
In reactors, carbon-14 arises when neutrons
bombard carbon-13 (13C), nitrogen-14 (14N) or oxygen-17 (17O), which are
impurities in coolant, fuels and/or moderators. Carbon-14 oxides easily
into radioactive carbon dioxide, or 14CO2.
Nitrogen
exists as either Nitrogen-14 or Nitrogen-15. Elemental
Nitrogen, or nitrogen gas, is known as Nitrogen-14, which has an 'isotopic
abundance' - meaning it comprises a percentage of total isotope quantity in
nature - of 99.643%. [When you look at a periodic table, it is an
arrangement of elements only by atomic number, which is the number of
protons. The atomic weight, however, is the average weight of that element
across all naturally-occurring isotopes, or the abundance-weighted average mass
of an element. The word
'Isotope' doesn't necessarily mean anything toxic, or radioactive. Everything created by nature (and human) is an isotope.
All elements exist only as
isotopes. Many elements exist as many different isotopes, however not all
do. Elemental sodium only exists naturally as Sodium-23. There
are stable and unstable (radioactive) isotopes existing in nature. The
unstable (radioactive) naturally occurring isotopes include all elements with an
atomic number of 84 or greater (after elemental Bismuth).]
Tritium,
which is also written as H3 or T, is an isotope of hydrogen and most
commonly is created from the neutron bombardment of boron-10 (10B; used as a 'neutron absorber') that is found
in reactor primary coolant. Tritium can also be created by neutron
irradiation of hydrogen (2H), helium (3He), and lithium (6Li). Tritium
easily attaches to oxygen to create tritiated water. Tritiated water is
normal water (H20) with the 2
hydrogen atoms replaced by the 3 hydrogen atoms in tritium and written as THO, T20 or 3H20.
(Deuterium is 'heavy'
hydrogen, or a hydrogen atom with an extra neutron. Lithium
deuteride has six 'nucelons.')
Buoyancy of radioactive gases from reactors
Routine gaseous releases from nuclear power
plant exhaust stacks consist of radioactive isotopes of water (tritium),
carbon, argon, xenon and krypton. The xenon and krypton
radioactive gases often include isotopes that are precursors to solid
radionuclides such as Strontium-89, Strontium-90, Cerium-141,
Cerium-143, Cerium-144, Cesium-135 and Cesium-137.
The distance at
which solid radionuclides land from a nuclear reactor depends, in
part, on the gas density, wind
direction, speed, heat, stack height, etc...
Let's examine
gas density. Most radioactive gases are heavier than air. A
rare radioactive gas that's lighter than air is carbon-14, which occurs
both from natural and human-made (pollution) processes. Carbon-14,
however, oxides easily into radioactive carbon-dioxide that settles down
to Earth and becomes part of the biosphere. Common heavy
radioactive gases include iodine-131 and krypton-90, which are both
created in nuclear explosions and nuclear reactors. Iodine-131 has
a density of 5.85 g/L (it is a very heavy gas) and krypton-90 has a
density of 4.0 g/L. (Dry air has a density of about
1.2 grams per Liter (this is in units of weight per volume)).
To figure the
'buoyancy' of a gas, we use the formula:
buoyancy
(per
liter of gas) = mass x (1 - (density of air/density of
gas))
So, for Kr90, we have 4.0 x (1 -
(1/4.0))= 4 x (.75) = 3 grams/Liter (3 g/L is also written as 3
kilograms/cubic meter)
If Force=Mass
X Acceleration, then by multiplying the 'buoyant mass' in one
cubic meter (3 kg) by the constant for gravity (9.8 m/s2),
we get the number of Newtons of lift, or 29.4 Newtons.
To figure the
acceleration (down to the ground), we use the re-written formula [Acceleration=Force/Mass
]. So, if the force is
29.4 N, and the mass (in a cubic meter of Kr90 gas) is 4 kilograms, then
acceleration is 7.35 meters per second squared.
So, if krypton 90 is released from a 100 meter
high stack from a nuclear reactor, then in zero winds it would take
roughly 5 seconds for the krypton 90 to hit the ground.
However, the gases coming out of reactors are at hot temperatures and
this substantially increases the volume of the gas. As a gas
expands, the density decreases and the acceleration constant to Earth
decreases. Whether krypton and xenon gases are rising from a
fireball from a nuclear explosion or the stack of a reactor, they
actually ascend because when they are very hot they are lighter than
air, temporarily. As the gas temperature cools, the density
increases, and it begins accelerating back down to Earth.
Nearly all of
the leaked radioactive gas products from a reactor ends up settling in
low-lying areas or river valleys downwind. Sometimes these areas
'downwind' can be 5 or 100 miles away from a reactor. However,
winds, weather fronts and other weather conditions can move the pockets
of low-lying radioactive air both near and far. A pocket of
radioactive gases can travel over significant territory over weeks and
months while its gases take weeks or years to fully decay. For
example, xenon-133 has a half-life of 5.25 days - it is radioactive for
over 100 days - and Krypton 85 has a half-life of about 11 years and it
is 'hot' for over 200 years.
We all breathe in this radioactive air - that
includes our pets, our farm animals and even edible plants. In
humans, radioactive xenons and kryptons incorporate into our tissues,
shooting out gamma rays through our body (even while you're reading
this), increasing our risk of cancer, genetic damage and decreasing our
immune health.
You can find out the density of any gas by
taking the atomic weight (aka mass) for any isotope, radioactive or not,
and dividing it by 22.4 (which is the 'molar volume of a gas' - 22.4
L/mol).
Toxic gas emissions from reactors located on
rivers accumulate in the bottom of the river valley and travel in the
downstream direction.
The specific density of Krypton 90 is 3.107,
calculated by divided Mass (gas) by Mass (air) or 90 g/mole/28.96443
g/mole =3 .107 (air=1.0)
